Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions
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The Effectiveness of the MSARE program for multi-screen addiction in university students: A mixed methods study
The aim of this study was to reduce the levels of multi-screen addiction by implementing the “Multi-Screen Addiction Reduction Education (MSARE)” program among university students. This study, designed using mixed research methods, employed a nested embedded design. Interviews were used for the qualitative aspect of the study, while a control group experimental design with pre- and post-tests was used for the quantitative aspect. A total of 86 volunteer students (44 experimental, 42 control) participated in the study. The Multi-Screen Addiction Scale was used for quantitative data collection, and a semi-structured interview form was used for the qualitative aspect. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS with techniques such as mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and t-test. According to the findings, the MSARE program was found to reduce multi-screen addiction among university students. It was also found that the MSARE program increased university students’ awareness of multi-screen addiction. The MSARE program taught university students that they should engage in self-improvement activities to move away from multi-screen addiction. It is recommended that programs that empower individuals in the fight against addiction be expanded.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and internet gaming disorder: What we know so far - a systematic review
The symptomatic manifestations of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represent a risk factor for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). With the increasing prevalence of digital gaming, the coexistence of ADHD and IGD has emerged as a significant mental health concern. This systematic review aims to evaluate case-control and experimental studies investigating the associations between ADHD and IGD. Guided by a research question structured within the PICOS framework, a search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, yielding 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies focused on adolescent and young adult samples, while five employed neuroimaging methods. Findings indicate that individuals diagnosed with ADHD demonstrate significantly higher prevalence and severity of IGD compared to healthy controls; similarly, individuals with IGD present more frequent and pronounced ADHD symptoms. Neuroimaging data reveal structural and functional alterations in prefrontal and temporal regions. Furthermore, factors such as impulsivity, sleep disturbances, negative parenting styles, and poor social adjustment appear to exacerbate the severity of this comorbidity. Intervention studies report lower treatment responsiveness among individuals with ADHD+IGD comorbidity. Overall, the findings highlight a strong bidirectional relationship between the two disorders, grounded in both neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms, and underscore the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive intervention strategies.
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Smoking cessation prediction of smoking healthcare professionals and associated factors
This study aimed to examine the relationship between smoking cessation success prediction and the factors influencing smoking cessation among healthcare professionals who smoke. In this context; sociodemographic and environmental factors, smoking habits, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, and resilience variables were examined. A total of 149 healthcare professionals participated in the study. Participants completed the Participant Information Form, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale. Data analysis included t-tests, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. In the final model obtained from the multiple linear regression analysis, 39.5% of the variance in smoking cessation success prediction was accounted for. Education level (β = .09, p > .05), occupation (β= .04, p >.05), and smoking duration (β = -.02, p > .05) did not significantly contribute to the final model. High perceieved social support (β = .27, p < .001), smoking initiation age (β = .16, p < .05), contemplation/preparation stage of smoking cessation (β = .27, p < .001), resilience (β = .19, p < .05) positively predicted smoking cessation success prediction. Conversely, an increase in nicotine dependence (β = -.27, p < .001) negatively predicted smoking cessation success prediction. In conclusion, a comprehensive evaluation of sociodemographic and environmental factors, individual smoking patterns, and psychological processes is essential for understanding smoking cessation among primary care health professionals.
Male Addicts’ Experiences on Predictors of Relapse to Drug Use: A Directed Qualitative Content Analysis
Addiction relapse is one of the most essential aspects of addiction. This study aims to explain the male addicts’ experiences on predictors of relapse to drug use based on a multitheory model (MTM). This study was directed qualitative content analysis that was conducted on 17 addicts referred to addiction treatment centers in Hamadan City, Iran, in 2019. The samples were recruited using the purposive sampling method. Semistructured, individualized interviews were used to collect data, and then, data were analyzed using a theory-based content analysis approach. Data analysis led to the extraction of 19 main codes that were categorized in six predetermined themes of MTM constructs consisting of participatory dialog, behavioral confidence, changes in physical environment, emotional transformation, practice for change, and changes in social environment. The main predictors of drug use relapse were emotional transformation, changes in social environment, and changes in physical environment. Findings of this study showed that the unpleasant emotions, peer pressure, and access to drugs were the most critical factors in increasing drug use relapse. Therefore, designing appropriate interventions to prevent relapse of drug use based on the results of this study appears to be useful.
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The relationship between smoking parents’ belief about thirdhand smoke and their intention to quit smoking
This study aimed to examine the relationship between smoking parents’ beliefs about thirdhand smoke (THS) and their intentions to quit smoking. This descriptive correlational study was conducted with 276 smoking parents who had children aged 0–12 years. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the Descriptive Information Form, the Smoking Cessation Intention Scale, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and the Beliefs About Thirdhand Smoke Scale (BATHS). Analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0. The mean total score for beliefs about THS was 3.68 ± 0.93, while the mean smoking cessation intention score was 26.75 ± 8.1. Although beliefs about THS did not differ significantly by sociodemographic characteristics, smoking cessation intention varied according to some demographic and smoking-related factors. A weak negative correlation was found between nicotine dependence and cessation intention, while a weak positive correlation emerged between beliefs about THS and cessation intention. Beliefs about THS explained 9.0% of the total variance in smoking cessation intention. Beliefs about THS contribute to smoking cessation intentions among parents who smoke. Increasing awareness of THS may help promote smoking cessation among parents.
Internet addiction and social media addiction are related with night eating syndrome in university students
Night eating syndrome (NES) is characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, inappetence in the morning, increased energy intake after dinner, and nocturnal awakenings with the motivation to eat. Certain behavioral addictions, such as internet addiction (IA) and social media addiction (SMA), may contribute to the onset of NES by leading to changes in sleep patterns and eating habits. This cross-sectional study investigates the association between IA, SMA, and NES among university students. Six hundred and eighty-six university students, aged between 19 and 24 years, were questioned regarding their habits that may be associated with NES, IA, and SMA using validated tools in a web-based questionnaire. The relationships between the targeted variables were tested using logistic regression models. After controlling for confounding factors, a high score above the cut-off for IA (OR [95% CI]:2.92 [1.75 - 4.86]) and a high score above the cut-off for SMA (OR [95% CI]:1.69 [1.06 - 2.68]), were identified as potential risk factors associated with having NES. Prevention efforts targeting IA- and SMA-related NES may attenuate NES-related long-term health issues among university students.
Substance use disorder treatment completion rates in adolescent inpatients and factors affecting these rates
The objective of this study is to investigate treatment completion rates among adolescents receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) and the sociodemographic characteristics, parental attitudes, and psychiatric comorbidities influencing these rates. The sample consisted of 110 adolescents (84 males, 26 females; aged 14–18) diagnosed with SUDs. Structured psychiatric interviews were conducted, and parental attitudes were evaluated using the Parental Attitude Scale and the Family Life and Child-Rearing Attitude Scale. Participants also completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Only 22.7% of participants completed treatment. Those who completed treatment had a later onset of substance use (13.88±1.31 vs. 12.95±1.82 years), shorter duration of use (31.27±15.91 vs. 48.19±21.08 months), and higher rates of ADHD (76% vs. 42.4%) and heroin use (64% vs. 40%). Democratic and involved parental attitudes were associated with higher compliance. Families should be integrated into the treatment process to enhance outcomes, and treatment approaches should be tailored to adolescents’ clinical and psychosocial profiles.
Attachment styles, personalities, trait anger and anger expression styles of prisoners with and without illegal substance abuse, the Cyprus example
This study investigates the attachment styles, personalities, trait anger and anger expression styles of prisoners with and without substance use disorder. The study was performed at the blinded of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus between 20 March and 20 July 2018. The study sample consisted of 72 subjects between the ages of 18 and 65 who were in prison due to substance use disorder and 59 subjects at the same age group who were in prison for reasons other than substance use. The data was collected by using the Personal Information Form created by the researchers, the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, the Big Five Inventory, and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale. No significant difference was found between the prisoners with or without substance use disorder in terms of personality traits, the trait anger level, and anger expression styles. Regarding the attachment styles, the anxious attachment scores of the prisoners with substance use were found to be higher than the non-users. Being male, living with parents, death of a parent, and anxious attachment were found to be risk factors for substance use disorder in this study. There is an obvious need for drug treatment programs in prison. These factors should be considered when planning prevention and treatment approaches.
Determinants of sports betting addiction among Turkish university students: The mediating role of family resilience in the relationship between religious coping and sports betting addiction
This study investigated the relationships between sociodemographic factors, family resilience, and religious coping among Turkish university students, a population vulnerable to sports betting addiction. The research, conducted with 587 students (ages 17–27), found that 30.5% of the participants had engaged in sports betting. Analyses showed that sports betting addiction differed significantly by gender, with men scoring higher than women. Other significant factors included having betting acquaintances, the importance of religion, betting frequency, and motivations. Both family resilience (r=−.136, p<.001) and positive religious coping (r=−0.154, p<.001) were negatively associated with addiction. Mediation analysis was a key finding, revealing that positive religious coping indirectly reduces addiction by increasing family resilience. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis identified betting frequency and motivations like making money and seeking excitement as the strongest predictors. These findings emphasize the importance of strong family bonds and positive religious beliefs as crucial protective factors against addiction. The results have important implications for prevention strategies that focus on strengthening family resilience and promoting religious coping methods among young people.
Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among school-going adolescents in Malaysia
Drug abuse can be defined as the use of drugs in a manner that deviates from medical prescription. The negative effects of drug addiction are well known globally, and millions are estimated to suffer from drug use disorders and require treatment services. In Malaysia, recent studies have shown that the great majority of drug users are young adolescents. This trend has now spread to schools and has caused a significant rise in cases of drug abuse annually. Unfortunately, to date, there are no recent data regarding the prevalence of drug and substance abuse amongst school-going adolescents in Malaysia. This study aims to assess the rising prevalence of drug abuse among school-going adolescents in Malaysia through a nationwide representative survey. A total of 3,382 secondary school students participated in this study. They were selected from hotspot areas in Malaysia using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews, assisted by school counsellors. The Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) was utilized to measure the frequency of drug use according to type, and the adolescents’ involvement in drug abuse and drug-related behavior. Descriptive analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to determine the prevalence of drug abuse among the students. The prevalence of current drug abuse among the adolescent students was found to be 3.9 % for those who had used drugs in the past 30 days. Meanwhile, lifetime use was found to be 9.6%. The most popular drugs used were kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), followed by hallucinogens and cannabis. Most drug users were male students, and the average onset age of drug use was 16. Special attention and urgent action from relevant agencies are thus needed to address this critical issue in the country.
COVID-19 vaccination status and infection prevalence among individuals attending an addiction counseling unit
This study aims to determine the COVID-19 infection and vaccination statuses of individuals with substance use disorders. In this cross-sectional study, the population consisted of individuals with substance use disorders who were interviewed in Sultanbeyli district. Data were collected through a structured interview form, which included demographic information about the individual and their family, medical history, and addiction history. The COVID-19 infection and vaccination statuses of the individuals were verified using the system records. Nearly all of the individuals were male (n=264, 96.7%). Among the participants, 24.7% (n=38) reported a history of COVID-19 infection. Regarding the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine, 57.8% (n=115) had received at least one dose of the vaccine. The proportion of fully vaccinated participants was 42.2% (n=84). Educational status, marital status, employment status, substance use status in the family, treatment attempts for substance use, age, age of substance initiation, and number of used substances were not found to be significantly associated with either having a COVID-19 infection or being fully vaccinated (p>0.05) The low rate of vaccine uptake highlights the need for targeted interventions, as well as further studies to increase understanding of factors that may affect vaccine uptake.
Efficacy of liquorice root and sugarless chewing gum as an adjuvant to smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial
The tobacco epidemic is a public health threat, killing more than 8 million people annually. Liquorice is an herbal medicine that acts as a modulator of GABA receptors and may induce sedative and anxiolytic effects; thereby, it can support smoking cessation. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of liquorice root and sugarless chewing gum in smoking cessation using a randomized controlled trial design. Smokers aged 18 to 74 years attending a tobacco cessation centre were recruited. A total of 116 smokers were recruited, and written informed consent was obtained. The level of tobacco dependence was assessed using Fagerstrom addiction score at baseline. Fifty-eight participants were allocated to the liquorice group (LG) and 58 to the chewing gum group (CG). Both groups received tobacco cessation counselling. The LG received liquorice root and CG received sugarless chewing gum for four weeks. Follow-up was conducted at 1, 2 and 3 months to evaluate self-reported continuous tobacco abstinence, relapse rate, Fagerstrom addiction scores and CO breath levels in both groups. The present study demonstrated a significant reduction in smoking measures (self-reported continuous abstinence and carbon monoxide breath levels and Fagerstrom addiction scores) in the liquorice group compared with the chewing gum group. Self-reported continuous abstinence at 3 months was 72.4% and 60.3% in LG and CG, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the levels of exhaled CO reduction between LG and CG at 2 months (P=0.046) and 3 months (P=0.013) In the current trial, liquorice root demonstrated superior efficacy over sugarless chewing gum as a substitute for a smoking form of tobacco.
Prediction markets: Forecasting in name, gambling in function regulatory considerations for Türkiye
Contextual therapies for substance use, experiential avoidance, and emotional dysregulation: A clinical case study
The use of psychoactive substances is a major global public health issue with profound physical, mental, and social consequences for individuals and their communities. Dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy have gained recognition as effective interventions for addressing problematic substance use and associated emotional challenges. This case study details a 26-year-old Colombian patient with a history of problematic use of cannabis, cocaine base, and heroin, presenting with primary concerns including severe emotional dysregulation, experiential avoidance, and difficulties in maintaining social relationships. A unique aspect of this case is the application of an integrated dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy treatment program, specifically tailored to Colombian cultural factors, targeting both substance use behaviors and emotional challenges. The treatment program included dialectical behavior therapy skills training to manage emotional dysregulation and reduce impulsive behaviors, combined with acceptance and commitment therapy–based techniques to enhance psychological flexibility and decrease experiential avoidance. Clinically, the patient exhibited significant improvements in emotional regulation and a reduction in substance use frequency. These changes, along with improved social functioning, emphasize the efficacy of this culturally adapted approach. This case contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating the adaptability and effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in treating substance use disorders within a Colombian context. It highlights the importance of cultural adaptations in therapeutic methods and sets a foundation for future studies. However, the descriptive nature of this case study and its inherent limitations regarding generalizability should be taken into account. Continued research with more rigorous methodologies is essential to validate and expand upon these findings, ensuring broader applicability across similar populations.
Twinkle twinkle little star: Gambling and child recognition of the Irish national lottery logo
Online and physical gambling activity has increased exponentially in the UK, Ireland, and Europe over the last 15 years. In Ireland, the National Lottery logo depicts a friendly, anthropomorphic ‘dancing star’, which is reminiscent of a nursery rhyme character. This research sought to examine children’s recognition of the National Lottery logo. A child-friendly survey was administered in nine Irish primary schools in the mid-west region of Ireland. This convenience sample facilitated the gathering of information from 671 participants aged 6-13 years. The results indicate widespread familiarity with the National Lottery logo amongst children in Ireland. Forty percent of the youngest age group examined (7 years) and 85% of the oldest age group examined (12 years) identified the National Lottery logo. The level of familiarity with the logo suggests a high level of cultural recognition of gambling advertising among younger and older children. The proportion of children who correctly identified the National Lottery logo is an issue of concern. The ‘dancing star’ logo may appeal to younger audiences, which may be a violation of the National Lottery Advertising and Promotion Code of Practice.
Attitudes of healthcare professionals toward individuals with alcohol and substance use disorders: A comparative study
Stigmatizing attitudes held by healthcare professionals toward individuals with alcohol and substance use disorders (ASUD) can hinder access to care and negatively affect treatment outcomes. Clinical experience may play a key role in shaping these attitudes. This cross-sectional study included 230 healthcare professionals, 96 of whom had experience in addiction treatment centers and 134 who worked in general medical settings. Participants completed three validated instruments: the Alcohol Use Disorder Stigma Scale, the Substance Use Disorder Stigma Scale, and the Attitudes Toward Individuals Using Addictive Substances Scale. Independent samples t-tests were conducted to assess group differences. Professionals with addiction treatment experience exhibited significantly lower levels of stigma and negative attitudes. Alcohol-related stigma scores were 52.40 (SD = 17.71) for experienced professionals and 74.21 (SD = 19.06) for those without experience (t(228) = -8.81, p < .001). For substance-related stigma, the scores were 74.33 (SD = 24.25) vs. 97.05 (SD = 18.76) (t(228) = -8.01, p < .001). Negative attitude scores toward addictive substance users were also lower in the experienced group: 77.38 (SD = 20.42) vs. 97.05 (SD = 21.06) (t(228) = -7.07, p < .001). Direct clinical experience with individuals affected by ASUD is associated with reduced stigma among healthcare professionals. Integrating supervised clinical exposure into healthcare education may be an effective strategy to reduce stigma and improve the quality of addiction care.
An examination of stigmatization and family belonging of individuals with substance use disorders
This study aims to examine the relationship between stigmatization and the sense of family belonging among individuals with substance addiction or illicit substance use. The research was conducted on a sample of 351 male participants under probation. The Substance Use Stigma Mechanisms Scale (SU-SMS) and the Family Belonging Scale (FBS) were employed to measure the relevant variables, and a correlation analysis was performed to assess their relationship. The findings indicate a significant negative correlation between participants’ sense of family belonging and their experiences of stigmatization. Accordingly, it is crucial that all professionals who serve individuals with substance use disorders and their families should be provided with regular psychosocial support, and they should prioritize socialization processes. By ensuring the continuity of this approach, we are hopeful that prioritizing solution-focused interventions that meet the needs of clients will increase their sense of family belonging and reduce stigma.
The associations between gambling disorder, object relations, loneliness and quality of life
Gambling disorder (GD) is a behavioral addiction that reduces an individual’s quality of life, is associated with feelings of loneliness, and is negatively influenced by object relations. This study aimed to examine the relationships between GD, object relations, loneliness, and quality of life. This research primarily seeks to understand the etiological foundations of GD by analyzing the direct and indirect effects of object relations-related factors on GD using structural equation modeling. The study was conducted with 443 participants living in Turkey, who were included in an online survey. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The indirect effect of object relations on GD via the mediating role of loneliness was found to be significant (β = .169, p < .001). Reality testing was found to have both a direct and indirect effect via the mediating role of loneliness on GD (β = .030, p < .05). The findings indicate that impairments in object relations increase feelings of loneliness and indirectly influence the severity of GD. The findings also highlight the importance of addressing loneliness and impaired reality testing in therapeutic interventions for GD. The results suggest that the current study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the psychodynamic and psychosocial factors associated with GD.
Examining the relationship between internet gaming disorder, and internet addiction, psychological inflexibility and hopelessness in university students
The current study aims to investigate the relationship between internet gaming disorder, internet addiction, psychological inflexibility, and hopelessness among university students. We employed a correlational survey model in the study. As data collection tools, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form, Young Internet Addiction Test Short Form, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Personal Information Form were used. We conducted an unpaired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. University students’ level of internet gaming disorder differs significantly according to gender, time of playing games during the week and the weekend, type of device preferred to play games, and type of the preferred game. The study findings also showed that internet gaming disorder was significantly related to internet addiction, psychological inflexibility, and hopelessness in the positive direction. There were also significant positive relations between internet addiction and psychological inflexibility, as well as hopelessness, and between psychological inflexibility and hopelessness. Lastly, internet addiction, psychological inflexibility, and hopelessness had a predictive effect on internet gaming disorder.
The underlying mechanisms between problematic social media use and social anxiety: A cross-sectional study
This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms in the association between teenage problematic social media usage and social anxiety, specifically emotion regulation difficulties. A total of 188 females and 125 males aged between 10 and 18 years participated in the study. Data were gathered between September 2022 and January 2023 using the convenience sampling method. The Social Media Addiction Scale Short Form for Adolescents (SMAS-SF), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, and a demographic information form were given to the participants. Correlational, Hierarchical Regression, and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Findings showed that difficulty in emotion regulation plays a significant mediating role in the association between problematic social media use and social anxiety. This link was mediated specifically by difficulties in emotional clarity and goal-directed behavior, as well as non-acceptance of emotional reactions. In addition, there was a significant direct effect of problematic social media use on social anxiety. Problematic social media use may harm emotional regulation, which could lead to a decline in emotional clarity, making it more difficult to accept and manage emotional reactions and cope with unpleasant emotional experiences. This, in turn, may exacerbate social anxiety.
The role of experiential avoidance and social emotional learning skills in predicting social media addiction in high school students
The main purpose of this study is to examine the role of experiential avoidance and social emotional learning skills in predicting social media addiction in high school students. The participants consist of 721 high school students in Türkiye in the 2023-2024 academic year. ‘Demographic Information Form,’ ‘SMA Scale for Adolescents,’ ‘Avoidance and Fusion Scale-Youth 8,’ and ‘SEL Scale for Adolescents’ were used to collect data. Hierarchical regression analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The findings indicated that there was a positive moderate-level relationship between social media addiction and experiential avoidance, a negative moderate-level relationship between social media addiction and social emotional learning skills, and a negative low-level significant relationship between experiential avoidance and social emotional learning skills. Finally, experiential avoidance, as the strongest predictor, and social emotional learning skills explained approximately 36% of the variance in social media addiction.
The mediator role of social media addiction in the relationship between perceived social support and depression
Social media use is widespread, spanning the daily lives of all age groups, from children to older adults. In this study, we aimed to explore the variables associated with social media addiction and to examine the potential mediating role of social media addiction in the relationship between perceived social support and depression. The study recruited 213 adults, with females comprising 77.9% of participants. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Social Media Addiction Scale were used as measurement instruments. The results revealed significant associations between social media addiction and level of education, perceived social support, and depression. Furthermore, structural equation modeling indicated that social media addiction played a mediating role in the relationship between perceived social support and depression. The findings of the current study add to previous research by revealing the relationship pattern between perceived social support, social media addiction, and depression. In sum, social media addiction appears to reduce perceived social support and increases the level of depression. For this reason, individuals should be careful and avoid excessive use of social media.
Spiritual transcendence, happiness, cognitive and affective mindfulness, and social media addiction among university students: A moderated mediation model study
Social media addiction has become an area of increasing research interest over the past decade. Many factors and variables are associated with the development of social media addiction, as well as others that have remained unexplored. Therefore, the present study examined some of these novel factors. More specifically, the study examined whether happiness mediated the association between spiritual transcendence and social media addiction and whether cognitive and affective mindfulness moderated the mediating effect between these variables. Data were collected from 572 young adults (321 females, 251 males) using convenience sampling. Moderated mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro. The results indicated that happiness was a mediator in the relationship between spiritual transcendence and social media addiction. Moderated mediation analysis showed that spiritual transcendence directly predicted social media addiction and also predicted it indirectly through its effect on happiness. Moreover, cognitive and affective mindfulness was a moderator in the relationship between spiritual transcendence and social media addiction, and between spiritual transcendence and happiness. The results also showed that the inverse relationship between spiritual transcendence and social media addiction was partially explained by happiness. The findings suggest that (i) higher levels of spiritual transcendence are associated with greater happiness, and (ii) high cognitive and affective mindfulness, along with increased spiritual transcendence, may be helpful in reducing the adverse effects of social media addiction.
Disordered eating behaviors in internet gaming disorder: Clinical and treatment correlates of a naturalistically treated youth sample
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical correlates of disordered eating behaviors among adolescents diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in a clinical setting. Participants were evaluated using a semi-structured clinical interview to assess psychiatric comorbidities. The severity of IGD was measured using the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form. Disordered eating behaviors were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Associations between clinical characteristics and disordered eating were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. The study included 80 male patients diagnosed with IGD and 36 healthy male adolescents. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) emerged as a significant predictor of elevated EDE-Q total scores in the IGD group (β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19–0.62, p < 0.001). GAD was also significantly associated with the EDE-Q subscales of restrictive eating, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern, but not with the binge eating subscale (p = 0.117). Other psychiatric diagnoses did not show significant associations with disordered eating behaviors. Among pharmacological treatments, antipsychotic medication use was significantly associated with higher EAT scores (β = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.02–0.46, p = 0.035), whereas antidepressants and stimulants were not. These findings indicate that GAD and antipsychotic medication use are significant correlates of disordered eating behaviors in male adolescents with IGD. The results underscore the importance of screening for anxiety symptoms and monitoring eating behaviors in this clinical population.
The prevalence of cigarette, alcohol, and substance use among Kütahya Health Sciences University students and its influencing factors
University students may begin using substances like tobacco, alcohol, and drugs due to individual and environmental factors, such as stress, academic pressures, and increased responsibilities. Given the public health relevance of this issue and the fact that this is the first study of its kind in Kütahya, this study investigates the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and substance use among university students and associated factors. The sample size was calculated as 1,008 based on a 95% confidence level, a prevalence rate of 7.8%, and a margin of error of 1.5%. The study was completed with 1,043 participants. Results showed that 23.5% of participants smoked, while 20.9% consumed alcohol. The primary reason for starting smoking was alcohol consumption, and peer influence was the second most common reason for initiating alcohol use. A statistically significant difference was found between genders regarding smoking (p=0.030), with smoking being more common among males. A significant association was also observed between family alcohol consumption and alcohol use (p<0.001), with participants whose families consumed alcohol showing higher alcohol use rates. Although smoking was more prevalent among men (28.3%), it is noteworthy that a substantial proportion of women also smoked (21.8%). The family plays a critical role as a model, influencing individual behavior. Campus activities addressing addiction could strengthen social relationships and contribute to addiction prevention.
Learnings from a German research network on substance use among refugees (PREPARE) with a focus on an intervention to improve emotion regulation
Refugees face a unique constellation of pre-, peri-, and post-migration stressors that can increase vulnerability to hazardous substance use while simultaneously limiting access to appropriate care. To address this gap, the PREPARE consortium was established as the first coordinated German research network on substance use among refugees, combining empirical assessment, diagnostic innovation, and intervention development. This article provides an overview of the network and synthesizes cross-project learnings with a particular focus on Subproject 4 (STARC-SUD), an emotion-regulation–based group intervention adapted for refugees with hazardous alcohol or drug use. Across multiple sites, PREPARE identified substantial barriers to recruitment and engagement, including stigma, legal insecurity, language difficulties, and the structural conditions of communal accommodation. The adaptation and translation of screening instruments improved diagnostic accuracy, while iterative modifications of STARC-SUD enhanced cultural fit and feasibility. Early implementation experiences highlight the importance of trust-building, flexible delivery formats, and close cooperation with community actors. The Sucht-und-Flucht.de platform (https://www.sucht-und-flucht.de/en/) emerged as a central dissemination tool, providing multilingual materials, diagnostic instruments, and project information to practitioners and supporting long-term knowledge transfer. The preliminary observations from the ongoing trial underscore the need for integrated, culturally sensitive, and trauma-informed approaches within European addiction-care systems. PREPARE demonstrates the potential of emotion-regulation interventions for refugee populations and points to the importance of sustained, multi-level strategies involving research, practice, and policy to improve access and outcomes for displaced individuals affected by substance use.
A prevention model against addiction for migrant youth: Bavul
Migration-related stress, discrimination, and disrupted support systems increase vulnerability to addictive behaviors among youth. Despite this, few prevention programs address the intersection of migration, trauma, and identity development in culturally responsive ways. This article presents a prevention model against addiction for migrant youth, Bavul, grounded in a trauma-informed, rights-based, and youth-centered approach and built on a strengths-based framework. Designed to be low in language demand and high in experiential participation, the model integrates resilience-building, the normalization of stress responses, life skills development, identity formation, critical thinking, and well-being through accessible, youth-friendly coping and decision-making strategies. Structured in eight modules, the model combines interactive learning, reflective storytelling, and creative group activities. Core principles include non-judgmental facilitation, cultural sensitivity, and empowerment through agency. The article discusses Bavul model’s contribution to preventive practice within multicultural contexts and its potential to inform future prevention and mental health frameworks targeting migrant youth.
Addressing substance use and vulnerability among unaccompanied migrant youth in Spain: A narrative review
Spain’s geographic position has made it a key entry point for forced migrants, including unaccompanied minors (UMs), from regions such as North Africa and the Middle East. These minors often face pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors—including social isolation, economic hardship, and administrative insecurity—significantly increasing their risk of mental health disorders and substance use as a maladaptive coping mechanism. Given the specific focus on youth in migration contexts, this narrative review evaluated existing psychosocial and treatment interventions for forced migrants with substance use disorders in Spain. The analysis of available literature reveals significant regional disparities in protection systems for UMs, exacerbating vulnerabilities such as emotional distress and migratory grief, while substance use was consistently identified as a symptom of deeper systemic and psychological issues rather than a primary disorder. A key finding was the notable absence of specific intervention models for this population. In light of this gap, a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) model emerged as a promising, though yet to be adapted, framework for developing culturally sensitive interventions that could address structural drivers of risk. The review concludes that effective intervention requires a dual approach: policy reforms to standardize equitable, trauma-informed care across regions, and investment in the development and implementation of participatory, community-driven programs prioritizing holistic healing and integration. It also underscores the urgent need for a paradigm shift toward culturally competent, empowerment-focused strategies in Spain and to inform international responses to the complex needs of forced migrant youth.
Syrian refugees under temporary protection and the YEDAM Service Network in Türkiye: An ecological perspective on regional balance
This study aimed to examine, at an ecological level, the relationship between the regional distribution of Syrian refugees under temporary protection across Türkiye and the numerical distribution of Green Crescent Counseling Centers (YEDAM). This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using publicly accessible data from the Presidency of Migration Management of the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior and YEDAM, obtained in October 2025. For each province and region, the number of registered Syrians under temporary protection, the ratio of registered Syrians to the total provincial population, and the number of YEDAM centers constituted the study variables. The Kruskal–Wallis H test, Bonferroni-corrected Dunn multiple comparison test, and Spearman correlation analysis were applied for statistical analyses. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the number of registered Syrians and the number of YEDAM centers nationwide (p = 0.015). The number of Syrians per YEDAM center was significantly higher in the Mediterranean and Southeastern Anatolia regions compared with the Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia regions (p < 0.01). The findings indicate that YEDAM has established a strong foundation with its nationwide service network; however, increasing the number of centers in regions with high immigrant density could further enhance equity in service provision.
Addiction vulnerability among immigrant youth: Psychosocial risk, protective processes, and intervention approaches
Addiction among immigrant youth is a phenomenon associated with individual experiences, family relationships, and social environment. The migration experience constitutes an important context shaping this phenomenon. Although the literature on this topic has expanded, comprehensive studies addressing addiction together with psychosocial risk factors, protective processes, and intervention approaches remain limited. This study aims to examine addiction among immigrant youth within these three dimensions. The study employs document analysis. In this context, studies indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were reviewed, and the findings were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that three main domains shape addiction among immigrant youth. Psychosocial risk factors include trauma exposure, family disruption, and social exclusion. In contrast, protective processes such as family support, emotional regulation, cultural identity, and school connectedness mitigate these effects. Intervention approaches are primarily structured around family-based, culturally adapted, and psychosocial support-oriented models. Overall, addiction among immigrant youth emerges as a phenomenon that requires the joint consideration of psychosocial factors operating at different levels. These findings suggest that intervention approaches should be addressed within a contextual and multidimensional framework.